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The Republican efficiency expert whose economic boosterism met its match in the Great Depression
Catapulted into national politics by his heroic campaigns to feed Europe during and after World War I, Herbert Hoover―an engineer by training―exemplified the economic optimism of the 1920s. As president, however, Hoover was sorely tested by America's first crisis of the twentieth century: the Great Depression.
Renowned New Deal historian William E. Leuchtenburg demonstrates how Hoover was blinkered by his distrust of government and his belief that volunteerism would solve all social ills. As Leuchtenburg shows, Hoover's attempts to enlist the aid of private- sector leaders did little to mitigate the Depression, and he was routed from office by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. From his retirement at Stanford University, Hoover remained a vocal critic of the New Deal and big government until the end of his long life.
Leuchtenburg offers a frank, thoughtful portrait of this lifelong public servant, and shrewdly assesses Hoover's policies and legacy in the face of one of the darkest periods of American history.
- Sales Rank: #162859 in Books
- Brand: Leuchtenburg, William E.
- Published on: 2009-01-06
- Released on: 2009-01-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.51" h x .76" w x 5.73" l, .69 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 172 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Starred Review. Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) would have satisfied anyone who believed a businessman would make an ideal president. In this outstanding addition to the American President series, Bancroft Prize–winning historian Leuchtenburg (The FDR Years) points out that while writers describe Hoover as a mining engineer, he was really a promoter and financier who traveled the world and made a fortune. He vaulted to fame after brilliantly organizing relief for the Belgian famine during WWI. Appointed secretary of commerce in 1920, he operated with a dictatorial manner that infuriated colleagues, but his dynamism and popularity made him a shoo-in for the Republican nomination in 1928. As president, his political ineptitude offended Congress and discouraged supporters even before the 1929 crash. Afterward, he backed imaginative programs to stimulate the economy but insisted that direct relief was socialistic and that local governments and charities were doing fine. In fact, they weren't, and this insistence combined with a dour personality made him a widely hated figure. A veteran historian of this period, Leuchtenburg brings vivid prose and strong opinions to this richly insightful biography of a president whose impressive business acumen served him poorly. (Jan. 6)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
“Powerful… [Herbert Hoover] is a superb example of the vitality and importance of political history… Mr. Leuchtenburg's biography reminds us that the personalities, actions and beliefs of political leaders have a profound effect on the rest of us.” ―The New York Observer
“Memorable… Hoover's chronicler, William E. Leuchtenburg… writes like an angel and spices his narrative with trenchant judgments about a president who seemed like Superman when he took office in 1929 but who quickly lost his magical powers in the face of the Great Depression… Readers will quite likely delight in discovering more for themselves.” ―The Dallas Morning News
“In this meaty little book, [Leuchtenburg] brings to the life of Hoover his own lifetime of study of this watershed moment in the American past… He is one of the foremost authorities on the 1930s, the New Deal, and FDR.” ―Slate.com
“[A] frank, thoughtful literary portrait… This is a fair and balanced reassessment of Herbert Hoover and his legacy that is long overdue.” ―Tucson Citizen
“William E. Leuchtenburg's… Herbert Hoover [is] a wonderful and instructive biography.” ―Richard Cohen, The Washington Post
“Timely.” ―The Bloomsbury Review
“A brilliantly written cautionary tale for those who believe a hard-nosed businessman would bring a breath of fresh air to the American presidency.” ―Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“In this outstanding addition to the American Presidents series, Bancroft Prize-winning historian Leuchtenburg… brings vivid prose and strong opinions to this richly insightful biography of a president whose impressive business acumen served him poorly.” ―Publishers Weekly (starred review)
About the Author
William E. Leuchtenburg, a professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, is a noted authority on twentieth-century American history. A winner of both the Bancroft and Parkman prizes, he is the author of numerous books on the New Deal. In 2008, he was chosen as the first recipient of the Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Award for Distinguished Writing in American History of Enduring Public Significance.
Most helpful customer reviews
28 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
A Fascinating Look at a Maligned Figure in U.S. History
By Best Of All
In the ongoing series of concise biographies of U.S. Presidents, renowned historian William E. Leuchtenburg delivers a brilliant exploration of an individual whose name remains a political lightning-rod.
Leuchtenburg goes beyond the headlines and rough sketches of biographical information to show the complexity of Herbert Hoover, while bringing into better focus such controversial issues as his stated orders to the U.S. Army on handling the "Bonus Army," the plans to reform the nation's regulatory system and the shaping of economic policy before and during the Great Depression.
So publicly vilified after his 1932 landslide defeat to FDR, Hoover was truly a politician in the wilderness - even soundly rejected within Republican Party circles - but began a road out of the cold through President Harry Truman, who, in 1946, asked the former president to tour Germany to determine the food status in the occupied nation. It yielded a number of recommendations and the facilitation of a school meals program in the American and British occupation zones. Hoover's expertise in this field drew international accolades in the last world war; his tireless shuttle diplomacy proved successful in getting food distributed to civilian victims in Belgium and elsewhere who were caught in the crossfire of the fighting.
By the time of his death at age 90 in 1964, Hoover's image had begun to be rehabilitated, but many myths still remain in the public domain that continue to cloud over the real story. Leuchtenburg provides a fair and balanced assessment on the incredible life and remarkable times of the 31st President.
39 of 48 people found the following review helpful.
Surprisingly editorial, noticeably hostile, and sketchy
By Finn J.D. John
On the topic of Herbert Hoover, it's really hard to get straight information. Those who hate Roosevelt and the New Deal tend to think he was a golden martyr and paragon of good sense. Those who love Roosevelt and the New Deal tend to view him as a flint-hearted, stingy, evil man.
Now, this is not an outright "hit piece" -- many positive aspects of Hoover's career are included -- but nonetheless, I'm afraid William Leuchtenburg falls solidly into the latter camp.
Before I go on, I need to let you know where I'm coming from, because this is such an important question with Hoover stuff. My interest in the man centers on his work in famine relief, particularly the Commission for Relief in Belgium. This was all work he did before anyone knew what his politics were. Frankly, I don't care about the New Deal or the politics thereof, except to be really annoyed with the fact that as a result of his involvement in it, Hoover is known more as a political symbol than as a historical figure. And while certainly no angel, Hoover was quite a historical figure. No one in the history of the world has ever saved as many lives -- not even close. The way I see it, that really ought to count for something, whatever the guy's politics.
That said, here's my take on this book:
Touches of unprofessional editorial commentary and de-contexted quotes come up from the very beginning of the book. On Page 4, Hoover's uncle John Minthorn is described as "avaricious." This may be true, but no other source I have read has described him so, and Leuchtenburg provides no source notes beyond a general bibliography. On the next page, Hoover -- who was 13 at the time -- is described as a "full-time hustler," which is a startlingly editorial statement and, unless he's got a credible source I've never seen, an unsupported extrapolation.
By Page 7, he is on to outright misinformation: "On returning to campus in the fall, Hoover, who had been largely clueless about his career, switched his major to geology." (Emphasis mine.) Hoover was at Stanford, instead of some Quaker divinity school back east, specifically _because_ he was not clueless about his career.
I could go on. In the margins of my copy of the book, I did. Just a few highlights ... on 17, we have "he sang the praises of 'insiders' like himself while denigrating small-fry investors not in the know as 'idiots.'" If you've read this particular source text, you know what's wrong with this statement. It's simply not an accurate description of the communication, which was a criticism of mine hucksters. The next page says he "flew into rages" when he didn't get his way. No other source that I have seen describes Hoover having tantrums.
I also always find it annoying when scholars describe Hoover as emotionally detached, as Leuchtenburg does through a quote from one of Hoover's Washington, D.C. enemies saying "he seemed to regard human beings as so many numbers." Studying the man's early life makes it pretty clear he was socially inept and unexpressive. Extrapolating that to an assumption of lack of feeling is, again, profoundly editorial and logically unsupportable.
I was also flabbergasted to find Winston Churchill's famously calling Hoover an S.O.B. ascribed to "his (Hoover's) lack of sympathy" (page 27). The historical record is quite clear -- Churchill wanted the Belgian relief stopped in order to increase pressure on Germany to either feed them or suppress the resulting riots when they starved. From a military-strategy standpoint, this is not an unreasonable position, but it's hard to fathom how it can get spun into something that should command "sympathy."
My interest in Hoover ends when he became secretary of commerce, so I did not continue reading the book past Chapter 6, in which his presidency is described. I can't speak for the second half of this book. I will leave that for someone who knows about that part of Hoover's life.
Again, there are parts of this book that do present Hoover sympathetically. But they feel an awful lot like the kind of concessions that are made by someone arguing an opposite point, in order to bolster his/her appearance of fairness.
In conclusion: Hoover scholars who want to get a feel for how aficionados of the policies of FDR view his predecessor will find this a useful bit of gestalt, and a quick read. As a source of credible information, though, I would definitely steer clear of this work. Most of it is accurate, but much of it is transplanted into deceptively different contexts and a few things are flat-out wrong. If you're really interested in Hoover's early life, spend a bit of time with George Nash's books. Nash in person is actually a serious right-winger, but he wears his politics on his sleeve and I've never seen his personal views get in the way of his scholarship.
By the way, if you want to get a better idea of where I'm coming from, more info on my project is at [...]
15 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Brief Biography of Herbert Hoover
By Steven M. Anthony
This brief biography is part of the American President's series and in my opinion, Herbert Hoover is a good subject for the series. Whereas Presidents such as Washington, Jefferson, Adams, Lincoln and Roosevelt (both) are not particularly well suited for treatment in a 200 page book, I would probably not be interested in investing the time required to peruse a 500+ page book on the life of Herbert Hoover.
Nevertheless, the life history of Herbert Hoover is certainly interesting and instructional. A very successful businessman, administrator and bureaucrat, Hoover is widely blamed for the Great Depression and for failing to take the necessary actions to address the mounting crisis. Of course, this is certainly a simplistic argument, as Franklin Roosevelt, despite taking radical action, made only modest headway in economic recovery through the first eight years of his reign. Only the outbreak of World War II did the trick. Had Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1931 instead of 1941, perhaps Herbert Hoover would have been elevated to the pantheon of U. S. Presidents. As it is however, Hoover joins Buchanan among the ranks of failed Presidents whose successors (Lincoln in the case of Buchanan) are deemed to have cleaned up the messes they left behind.
Great Presidents are molded and elevated by the challenges they are forced to meet. Certainly, confronted by the Great Depression, Hoover had an historical opportunity, though perhaps an impossible task. Nevertheless, the autocratic skills that served him so well in his relief efforts in Belgium, the Soviet Union and the Mississippi Valley after the Great Flood of 1927 were ill suited to address the mounting economic ills of the Great Depression.
From a personal standpoint, Leuchtenburg paints Hoover to be a pretty miserable human being. A rapacious businessman, Hoover performed most effectively in the role of an absolute dictator; perhaps the best model for some of his pre-war business ventures and WWI relief and humanitarian roles, but not the ideal personality for a politician in our "checks and balances" republic. Not surprisingly, his management style did not mesh well with Congressional leaders or members of his own Cabinet. At a time when such cooperation was vital, Hoover was ill suited for the task. A wooden and colorless personality made it difficult to connect to the American public, especially when delivering the kind of message no one wanted to hear (pull yourself up by your own bootstraps!).
A worthwhile, brief primer on a much maligned (perhaps deservedly) American figure.
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